Ibn Sina (Avicenna) of Persia

Avicenna, or in Arabic, Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina or simply Ibn Sina (980 - 1037). A physician, philosopher, and scientist, he was the author of 450 books on many subjects, many on philosophy and medicine.Born in Bukhara, Persia, he became physician and adviser to sultans and princes. His Canon of Medicine, written at the age of 21, was the best-known medical text in Europe and Asia for several centuries. He authored over a hundred works in medicine and philosophy that have inspired innumerable commentaries. His most important books in philosophy were The Healing (al-Shifa) and Demonstrations and Affirmations. He died in Hamadan in northern Persia.


Moses Maimonides (1135–1204), Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (Rambam), was the most influential Jewish thinker since the Moses of the Bible or Torah.He was born in 1135 in Cordoba, the greatest centre of Jewish learning and Islamic culture at the height of the 'Golden Age' of the Jews and Muslims in Spain. He received the best education in theology, philosophy and medicine as well as Arabic and Islamic philosophy.

St. Thomas Aquinas (1224/5–1274), called the Angelic Doctor, was the foremost Christian philosopher in history.Born to noble parents, he became a monk in the Dominican Order in 1243. He studied under Albert Magnus and taught at the University of Paris. Before he died at the age of fifty, he authored numerous works of philosophy and theology that came to some 8 million words. The Summa Theologica and the Summa Contra Gentiles are his two most celebrated books.